The principle behind the leaky gut theory is that endogenous (e.g., psychological stress, intestinal inflammation) and exogenous factors (e.g., diet, alcohol intake) can increase intestinal permeability, allowing the entrance of food antigens, commensal or pathogenic bacteria and bacterial components into the lamina propria and later on into the systemic circulation, provoking the systemic inflammation described in different disease conditions
Exendin-4 administration did not modify S6K activity in the LH of lean and obese rats after four hours of re-feeding, whereas exendin-4 reduced S6K activity in the VMH of lean Zucker rats but not in their obese counterparts [83]
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risk is low with Ozempic alone Fatigue and dizziness : reported by some patients Rare but serious effects : pancreatitis, gallbladder disease, and potential thyroid effects (thyroid C-cell tumours have been observed in animal studies, though human relevance remains uncertain) Common side effects of Topamax include: Cognitive and psychiatric effects : difficulty concentrating, memory problems, confusion, mood changes, and depression Paraesthesia : tingling sensations, particularly in the hands and feet Taste alterations : particularly affecting carbonated beverages Weight loss and decreased appetite Metabolic acidosis : due to carbonic anhydrase inhibition Kidney stones : increased risk, particularly with inadequate hydration Visual disturbances : acute myopia and secondary angle-closure glaucoma (rare but serious) When combining these medications, particular attention should be paid to: Cumulative gastrointestinal effects : The combination may lead to more pronounced nausea, vomiting, or diarrhoea, potentially causing dehydration and electrolyte imbalance Dehydration risk : Both medications can contribute to fluid lossOzempic through gastrointestinal effects and Topamax through reduced fluid intake (due to taste changes) and increased kidney stone risk
medication manages them
