Host genetic susceptibility further modifies the oncogenic impact of smoking
Smoking remains a leading cause of heart disease, stroke, chronic lung disease, and various cancersincluding those of the mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach, colon, pancreas, and liver
Tobacco substances undergo first-pass metabolism in the liver, exposing the organ to a complex array of over 4000 toxic chemicals, including nicotine, nitrosamines, aromatic hydrocarbons, and various carcinogens [2,3,4]
Vital signs: nonsmokers exposure to secondhand smoke United States, 1999-2008
Social stigma: The visible consequences of poor oral health and the habit itself often lead to social shame
Chewing tobacco has long been used in many regions and is often considered less harmful than smoking cigarettes