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Sci Total Environ 943:173577

Why Oral Bioavailability Is Lower Even though BPC-157 survives gastric acid better than most peptides, oral administration still subjects it to: First-pass metabolism the liver processes a significant portion before it reaches systemic circulation Variable absorption affected by food, stomach pH, and individual GI function Enzymatic degradation some breakdown still occurs in the intestinal tract The result is that oral BPC-157 delivers a lower and less predictable systemic dose compared to injection

This is a lyophilized powder vial intended for research use this is not a capsule or oral supplement

KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN INDICATIONS For use as a supplemental nutritive source of vitamin B12 in cattle, horses, swine, sheep, dogs and cats

Applying this to the previously calculated Human Equivalent Dose (HED) of 85 mg: 85 mg x 0.158 = 13.43 mg of elemental copper

transfer of an amino group from one amino acid (which is converted to its cognate -keto acid) to another -keto acid (which is converted to its cognate -amino acid) by Transaminase (aminotransferase)